Although Breivik will likely be in prison permanently -- his sentence can be extended -- 21 years really is the norm even for very violent crimes. The much-studied Norwegian system is built on something called restorative justice. Proponents of this system might argue that it emphasizes healing: for the victims, for the society, and, yes, for the criminal him or herself.
Sounds straightforward enough, but you might notice that there's nothing in there about necessarily punishing the criminal, and in fact even takes his or her needs into account. In the Breivik trial, this meant giving every victim survivors as well as the families of those killed a direct voice. Victims were individually represented by court-appointed lawyers. The court heard 77 autopsy reports, 77 descriptions of how Breivik had killed them, and 77 minute-long biographies "voicing his or her unfulfilled ambitions and dreams.
Norway does this too, but it also includes this restorative tool of giving space to victims, not as evidence, but to make the trial a forum for those victims to heal and to confront the man who'd harmed them. The trial itself is about more than just proving or disproving guilt, but about exorcising the victims' suffering. What about the criminal? Of course, Norway is locking Breivik away in part to keep him safely cordoned off from society. Beyond that, the restorative "model encourages offenders to understand the consequences of their actions or to empathize with victims," Zehr explains.
The act was strongly condemned by politicians and the public and is now being investigated by police. A group of survivors has set up a Twitter account — aldriglemme Never forget — to repost tweets about the attacks as they appeared 10 years ago.
A third of them were still suffering last year from serious health issues, including post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, depression and headaches, a recent paper by the Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies found.
Mass murderer Anders Breivik claimed that he had been abused for being placed in near-isolation since he was jailed. Published On 22 Jul Even more importantly, Feldman said, Breivik's case showed the dangers posed by lone-wolf actors who self-radicalize online through networks of like-minded individuals and carry out their preparations for violent attacks online, making them very hard to detect.
Ad hoc extremist groups come into focus in post-January 6 criminal charges. At the same time, Feldman said, there has been the "slow rise, some would call it mainstreaming, of right-wing extremism," helped in part by exposure on right-wing media platforms.
Despite this backdrop, Breivik's actions and manifesto have gained limited traction, according to Ravndal.
His analysis for C-REX indicates that "in the beginning the far-right across the board rejected him," said Ravndal. An online support network that was established for Breivik later collapsed. It was only with the emergence of online forums like 4chan and 8chan that Breivik once again started to get positive mentions, Ravndal said. Societal impact. Today, the debate has shifted in parts of Norwegian society to broader ideological questions, Ravndal said.
Some -- particularly in the youth wing of the Labour Party -- feel that there has not been a reckoning with the country's far-right movement, the biggest player in which is the populist, right-wing Progress Party, he said.
Breivik had been a member of the Progress Party when he was younger but the party distanced itself from him after the attack. Labour has promised that if it wins power in elections this September, it will set up a new commission to look at radicalization. There is also debate about whether the attack should be interpreted as an attack on Norwegian society as a whole, or as an attack on the Labour Party specifically, Ravndal said.
Feldman considers that Norway's response was shaped by the sense that the perpetrator was "one of their own," as were the victims, without a sense of "otherness" to force a more multicultural response. By contrast, he said, New Zealand took a much more global approach as it looked at what led up to the Christchurch attacks. This was in part because Tarrant, an Australian, had targeted worshipers at mosques, many of whom were foreign-born.
At the same time, Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern's response , including wearing a hijab to meet survivors and relatives of those killed, was central in bringing all New Zealanders together in support of the victims as fellow citizens, he said. Just weeks later, New Zealand collaborated with France to produce the " Christchurch Call " -- a commitment by governments and tech companies to eliminate terrorist and violent extremist content online -- and subsequently worked with the United States and United Nations to keep the issue on the agenda, Feldman said.
The government says it will appeal. March 1, — An appeals court overrules the previous decision. Sections U. Science Technology Business U.
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