Fluorosis develops mostly in young children when they are exposed to too much fluoride. Care should, therefore, be exercised by parents and caregivers to minimize the dangers of fluoride. Skeletal fluorosis Skeletal fluorosis is a disease of the bones caused by exposure to very high levels of fluoride. This disease hardens bones and reduces their elasticity, thus heightening the risk of getting fractures.
The disease can also cause impairment of joint mobility due to the thickening and accumulation of bone tissue. Thyroid problems Exposure to a lot of fluorides can damage the thyroid gland, resulting in the uncontrolled production of parathyroid hormones. This condition is known as hyperparathyroidism. The condition depletes calcium levels in bones and causes abnormal calcium concentrations in the blood.
Neurological problems Exposure to high fluoride levels before birth is associated with poor cognitive abilities in children. A report published in indicated that high fluoride levels were linked to low scores in IQ tests. Fluorosis treatment Fluorosis can be a source of discomfort or anxiety among many people. This is a review of the possible link between water fluoridation and cancer. Other possible health effects of fluoridation positive or negative are not addressed here.
This is not a position statement of the American Cancer Society. Fluorides are compounds that combine the element fluorine with another substance, usually a metal.
Examples include sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride, and fluoride monofluorophosphate MFP fluoride. Some fluorides occur naturally in soil, air, or water, although the levels of fluoride can vary widely. Just about all water has some fluoride. Fluoride is also found in plant and animal food sources.
Once inside the body, fluorides are absorbed into the blood through the digestive tract. They travel through blood and tend to collect in areas high in calcium, such as the bones and teeth. The major sources of fluoride for most people are water and other beverages, food, and fluoride-containing dental products toothpastes, mouth rinses, etc. Because dental products are generally not swallowed except, perhaps, by younger children , they cause less concern for possible health issues.
Water fluoridation began in some parts of the United States in , after scientists noted that people living in areas with higher water fluoride levels had fewer cavities. Fluoride is now used in the public drinking water supplied to about 3 out of 4 Americans.
The decision to add fluoride to drinking water is made at the state or local level. The types of fluoride added to different water systems include fluorosilicic acid, sodium fluorosilicate, and sodium fluoride. Natural drinking water sources in the US also have some fluoride in them, although the levels are much higher in some places than in others.
Fluoride is not required in all drinking water sources in the United States, but the levels of fluoride in water are regulated by several government agencies.
This recommendation was updated in to a fluoride level of 0. Natural drinking water sources in the US have an average fluoride level of about 0. Long-term exposure to levels higher than this can cause a condition called skeletal fluorosis , in which fluoride builds up in the bones. This can eventually result in joint stiffness and pain, and can also lead to weak bones or fractures in older adults.
The EPA has also set a secondary standard of no more than 2. In this condition, fluoride collects in developing teeth, preventing tooth enamel from forming normally. This can cause permanent staining or pitting of teeth. The secondary standard is a guideline, as opposed to an enforceable regulation, but public water systems must tell their customers if the fluoride level goes above it.
States can set maximum fluoride levels in drinking water that are lower than the national 4. The fluoride levels allowed vary based on the annual average air temperature in the place where the water is sold. For bottled water with no fluoride added, the maximum fluoride level allowed is 2. For water in which fluoride is added, the maximum allowed is 1. However, if fluoride is added, the FDA recommends that manufacturers not go above 0.
People have raised questions about the safety and effectiveness of water fluoridation since it first began. Over the years, many studies have looked at the possible link between fluoride and cancer. There was no evidence of cancer-causing potential in female rats or in male or female mice. Osteosarcoma is a rare type of bone cancer. It usually affects the larger bones in the body and is more common in young individuals, especially males.
Multiple studies have researched the connection between fluoridated drinking water and osteosarcoma risk. Most have found no clear link 17 , 18 , A review found that excessive fluoride exposures in children were linked to cognitive deficits Another review of studies that included data on over 7, children had similar findings — noting that high fluoride exposure from water was associated with lower intelligence These two reviews, however, were both investigating areas where the fluoride level is naturally high.
However, excessive fluoride exposure in infants and children does warrant further exploration, especially in areas where fluoride levels are naturally high. Potential downsides of fluoride include fluorosis, an increased risk of osteosarcoma, and impaired brain development in infants and children. As with many other nutrients, fluoride appears to be safe and effective when used and consumed in appropriate amounts. It can help prevent cavities, but ingesting it in very large amounts through drinking water or other means may lead to serious health issues.
However, this is mainly a problem in countries with naturally high fluoride levels in water, such as India. The amount of fluoride is tightly controlled in countries that intentionally add it to drinking water. However, some evidence suggests that even controlled levels of fluoride in water may affect brain development in infants. While fluoridated community water appears to be mostly safe, new research is needed to assess its effectiveness.
Recent research finds that prenatal exposure to "optimal" levels of fluoride in drinking water is strongly associated with reduced IQ when those…. Fluoride treatment can help protect your teeth and may be recommended for both children and adults. Fluoride is also found in toothpaste, some dietary…. Fluorosis with report of an advanced case. Canadian Medical Association Journal. Kim FM et al. An Assessment of Bone Fluoride and Osteosarcoma.
July 28, published online. Kiritsy MC, et al. Assessing fluoride concentrations of juices and juice-flavored drinks. Kishi K, Ishida T. Clastogenic activity of sodium fluoride in great ape cells. Klein H. Dental fluorosis associated with hereditary diabetes insipidus. Kour K, Singh J. Histological finding of mice testes following fluoride ingestion. Kumar A, Susheela AK. Ultrastructural studies of spermiogenesis in rabbit exposed to chronic fluoride toxicity.
International Journal of Fertility and Menopausal Studies. Recommendations for fluoride use in children. NY State Dental Journal. Kunzel W, Fischer T. Caries prevalence after cessation of water fluoridation in La Salud, Cuba. Caries Research. Kunzel W, et al. Decline in caries prevalence after the cessation of water fluoridation in former East Germany. Rise and fall of caries prevalence in German towns with different F concentrations in drinking water. Kurttio PN, et al.
Exposure to natural fluoride in well water and hip fracture: A cohort analysis in Finland. American Journal of Epidemiology.
Lalumandier JA, et al. The prevalence and risk factors of fluorosis among patients in a pediatric dental practice. Pediatric Dentistry. Total fluoride intake and implications for dietary fluoride supplementation. Levy SM et al. Community Dent OralEpidemiol.
Levy SM, et al. JADA Effects of high fluoride level on neonatal neurobehavioural development. Chinese Journal of Endemiology republished in Fluoride The biochemistry and physiology of metallic fluoride: action, mechanism, and implications. Critical Reviews of Oral Biology and Medicine. Li XS. Effect of fluoride exposure on intelligence in children. Li Y, et al. Effect of long-term exposure to fluoride in drinking water on risks of bone fractures.
Journal of Bone and Mineral Research Lin Fa-Fu; et al The relationship of a low-iodine and high-fluoride environment to subclinical cretinism in Xinjiang.
Liu H, et al. Analysis of the effect of fluoride on male infertility in regions with reported high level of fluoride endemic fluorosis. Journal of the Medical Institute of Suzhou 8 4 Locker D. Benefits and Risks of Water Fluoridation. Long YG, et al. Chronic fluoride toxicity decreases the number of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in rat brain. Lu XH, et al.
Study of the mechanism of neurone apoptosis in rats from the chronic fluorosis. Chinese Journal of Epidemiology. Lu Y, et al Effect of high-fluoride water on intelligence of children. Luke J. Fluoride deposition in the aged human pineal gland.
Caries Research University of Surrey, Guildord. Maas RP et al. Macek M, et al. Blood lead concentrations in children and method of water fluoridation in the United States, Environmental Health Perspectives Federation Proceedings.
Mahoney MC, et al. Bone cancer incidence rates in New York State: time trends and fluoridated drinking water. American Journal of Public Health.
Mann J, et al. Fluorosis and dental caries in year-old children in a 5 ppm fluoride area. Fluorosis and caries prevalence in a community drinking above-optimal fluoridated water. Marcus W. Memorandum from Dr. William Marcus, to Alan B. May 1, Marier J and Rose D.
Environmental Fluoride. National Research Council of Canada. NRCC No. Marshall TA, et al. Journal of the American College of Nutrition Martin B. Massler M, Schour I. Relation of endemic dental fluorosis to malnutrition. Masters R, et al.
Association of silicofluoride treated water with elevated blood lead. Masters RD, Coplan M. Water treatment with silicofluorides and lead toxicity. International Journal of Environmental Studies. Matsuo S, et al. Mechanism of toxic action of fluoride in dental fluorosis: whether trimeric G proteins participate in the disturbance of intracellular transport of secretory ameloblast exposed to fluoride.
Archives of Toxicology. Maupome G, et al. Patterns of dental caries following the cessation of water fluoridation. McClure F. Water fluoridation, the search and the victory. McDonagh M, et al. Meng Z, Zhang B. Chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei in lymphocytes of workers at a phosphate fertilizer factory. Mihashi, M. Clastogenic activity of sodium fluoride to rat vertebral body-derived cells in culture.
Mutation Research Morgan L, et al. Investigation of the possible associations between fluorosis, fluoride exposure, and childhood behavior problems. Mullenix P, et al. Neurotoxicity of sodium fluoride in rats. Narayana MV, et al. Reversible effects of sodium fluoride ingestion on spermatozoa of the rat. Effect of fluoride on rat testicular steroidogenesis. NHMRC EH41, Australian Government, December 27, National Research Council National Research Council.
Health Effects of Ingested Fluoride. Technical report Series No. NIH Publ. No NRC Neelam, K, et al. Incidence of prevalence of infertility among married male members of endemic fluorosis district of Andhra Pradesh. Nyon, Switzerland. Mechanism of acute lower extremity pain syndrome in fluoride-treated osteoporotic patients.
American Journal of Medicine. Olsson B. Dental findings in high-fluoride areas in Ethiopia. Orcel P, et al. Stress fractures of the lower limbs in osteoporotic patients treated with fluoride. Ortiz-Perez D, et al. Fluoride-induced disruption of reproductive hormones in men. Environmental Research Paul V, et al. Effects of sodium fluoride on locomotor behavior and a few biochemical parameters in rats.
American Journal of Epidemi ology Pinkham, JR, ed. Pediatric Dentistry Infancy Through Adolescence. WB Saunders Co, Philadelphia. Poureslami HR, et al. Intelligence quotient of 7 to 9 year-old children from an area with high fluoride in drinking water.
Journal of Dentistry and Oral Hygiene 3 4 Toward improving the oral health of Americans: an overview of oral health status, resources, and care delivery.
Retief DH, et al. Relationships among fluoride concentration in enamel, degree of fluorosis and caries incidence in a community residing in a high fluoride area.
Journal of Oral Pathology. Riggs BL, et al. New England Journal of Medicine Rocha-Amador D et al. Neurotoxicology 30 6 Rozier RG.
The prevalence and severity of enamel fluorosis in North American children. Sawan RMM et al. Schlesinger ER et al. Schnitzler CM, et al. Bone fragility of the peripheral skeleton during fluoride therapy for osteoporosis.
Clinical Orthopaedics. Seholle RH. Preserving the perfect tooth editorial. Dental fluorosis as a complication of hereditary diabetes insipidus: studies of six affected patients. Pediatr Dent. Seppa L, et al.
Caries trends in two low-fluoride Finnish towns formerly with and without fluoride. Seraj B, et al. Shao Q, et al. Influence of free radical inducer on the level of oxidative stress in brain of rats with fluorosis. Sharma R et al. Environ Health Perspect. Shashi A. Histopathological investigation of fluoride-induced neurotoxicity in rabbits. Sheth FJ, et al. Sister chromatid exchanges: A study in fluorotic individuals of North Gujurat. Shiboski CH, et al. Shivarajashankara YM , et al.
Brain lipid peroxidation and antioxidant systems of young rats in chronic fluoride intoxication. Histological changes in the brain of young fluoride-intoxicated rats.
Singh A, et al. Endemic fluorosis: epidemiological, clinical and biochemical study of chronic fluoride intoxication in Punjab. Spencer AJ et al. Water Fluoridation in Australia.
Community Dental Health. Spittle B. Dunedin, New Zealand: Paua Press, Spittle B, et al.
0コメント